Many conflict lines exist in modern European societies which are subject to societal negotiation processes. Some of those conflicts hard dealt with forms of violence as the following examples illustrate:

-          Ethnical tensions with physical violence against migrants and those with migration background in many Western European countries (e.g. right wing extremist killings of Turkish in Germany)

-          Structural discrimination of immigrants in Western Europe with forms of ghettoization and unequal opportunities for education and employment

-          Physical violence against sexual minorities in several mainly Eastern European countries alongside of manifestations for equal opportunities

-          Structural discrimination of women on the labour market in all of Europe